Symposium2009/En

Solutions to the IP Crisis

William Fisher

The lecture will begin by describing and assessing the four main theories that underlie copyright law and the intellectual property system as a whole: the welfare-based theory, which seeks to deploy the law in the way that will both stimulate creativity and effectively disseminate the fruits of that creativity; the fairness theory, which seeks to provide creative persons fair economic returns for their labor; the personhood theory, which seeks to protect the special psychic bonds between artists and their creations; and the cultural theory, which seeks to foster the development of a just, diverse, and democratic culture.

The lecture will then show how, in the past two decades, three related technological developments have destabilized copyright law and the traditional business models of the entertainment industry that depend upon copyright law: the increasing popularity of digital methods for storing audio and video recordings; improvements in compression/decompression technologies; and the rise of the Internet.

The balance of the lecture will then examine various proposals for alleviating that crisis -- more specifically, for both fairly compensating creators and continuing to reap the economic and social benefits of the new technologies. Those proposals include: substantially strengthening the rights of copyright owners and the penalties for violating those rights; reinforcing the ability of copyright owners to employ encryption and other forms of digital rights management to shield their works from unauthorized uses; replacing the copyright system (as applied to online distribution of audio and video recordings) with an alternative compensation system funded by taxes; and fertilizing the variety of nontraditional business models that are beginning to sprout in this field.

知的財産の危機と解決策

このプレゼンテーションでは、まず最初に著作権法と知的財産のシステムを理解する上で重要な、4つの理論の説明と分析を行う。一つ目は、創造性を刺激しそしてその成果・作品を効果的に社会に普及させていく役割に着眼した、福祉性理論。次に、創作者にその仕事に見合った経済的な対価を保証するためとする公平性理論。更に、創作者と作品の間に存在する心理的な結合を保護するためであるとする人間的性質理論。そして最後に、正義、多様性と民主主義的文化の発展を支えるという意味での文化理論である。

その上で、この20年の間でテクノロジーの発展が、いかに著作権法と、それに依存してきたエンターテインメント産業における従来のビジネスモデルを不安定化させてきたかについて考察したい。この議論に関連するテクノロジーの変遷は主に三つ挙げられる —音楽や映像をデジタル保存する方法への高まる人気、ファイル圧縮/解凍技術の発展、そしてインターネットの台頭である。

最後に、そうした危機を防ぐための様々な提案を紹介したい。焦点となるのは、創作者への公平な報酬の保証と、新しい技術のもたらす経済的かつ社会的な利益の享受を存続させていくことである。具体的には・・・

• 著作権保持者への根本的な権利強化とその侵犯に対する徹底した罰則
• デジタル・コンテンツの不正利用を防ぐために権利保持者のみが適用できる暗号システムなどの確立
• 音楽・画像のオンライン配信に適用される著作権システムの、税金に拠る何らかの保障制度への代替
• この分野において成長していくであろう、様々な新しいビジネスモデルの支援

などといった提案を紹介する。
(訳:松田咲)

Real World Business Models for Providing Access to IP

Stewart Cheifet

The process of developing effective means for providing access to various forms of intellectual property while at the same time protecting the legitimate rights of intellectual property owners involves a delicate balance between the rights and interests of content consumers and content creators.

The rules have changed in dealing with these issues as a result of the digital revolution and the ease with which intellectual property can be created, distributed, and copied. These changes are partly a function of economic changes reducing the cost of creating, storing, hosting, and distributing intellectual property in the digital era.

There are five categories of intellectual property rights situations which have to be deal with in reviewing the various available business models. They include:

1. Copyrighted material
2. Orphan works which theoretically have copyright protection but for which it is difficult to determine who owns the copyright or if it is still in effect
3. Material which may be subject to ownership but does not include a clear assertion of copyright protection
4. Public domain works which may be available for distribution but may nevertheless be “sold” or licensed by the custodians of those works
5. Copyrighted works which for various reasons of public interest may be used or copied under the rules of fair use.

Several case studies will be cited of real world situations in which content in these various categories have been made available for access and distribution under a variety of business models. Some of these models are on a non-profit basis while some of these models are used in traditional for-profit environments. In many cases there are hybrid models which involve unique mixes of free and paid access to the intellectual property.

In reviewing these various scenarios it is seen that there are sometimes conflicting motivations which drive the behavior of both content consumers and content creators creating yet another balancing act between the drive for financial profit and the need for access and recognition.

現代社会における知的財産利用のビジネスモデル
- スチュワート・シーフェイ

知的財産保持者に法的な権限を保証する一方で、様々な形態における知的財産の使用を促すための効果的な方法を考えていくには、コンテンツの制作者と消費者の間に存在する、権利と需要のデリケートなバランスを考慮しなければならない。

デジタル革命の結果、知的財産コンテンツの制作・配信・複製が容易になったことで、これらの問題にまつわる規制は変化を遂げた。これはデジタル時代において、知的財産を取りまくあらゆる活動のコストが縮小されたという経済的な変化に拠るところが大きいといえる。

現在可能である様々なビジネスモデルを見ていく上で、知的財産の諸権利に関する五つのカテゴリーを押さえたい。

1.著作権によって守られているもの、2.譲渡取引された知財…権利が誰に属するのか、有効であるのか、などの判断が難しい場合、3.特定の帰属元を持っているが、明確な著作権による保護下にないコンテンツ、4.パブリック・ドメインにあたるもの…自由な配信・利用が可能だが、保護する主体による専売やライセンス付与もまた可能とされるもの、5.著作権保護下にあるコンテンツであるが、様々な目的での公的利用の要望から、フェア・ユースの規制の下で使用と複製が可能とされるもの

これらのカテゴリーに属するコンテンツが、現実社会においていかなるビジネスモデルのもとで使用・配信されているか見ていくために、複数のケーススタディーを参照したい。従来の営利活動の分野におけるモデルと共に、非営利の分野でのモデルもいくつか紹介する。どちらにしろ、多くのケースにおいて、知的財産に無料と有料のアクセスを独自に混合するモデルが見られることは事実である。

これらのシナリオを読み解くなかで、ときにコンテンツ制作者と消費者の両方の側で、経済的利潤の追求とコンテンツの普及促進の間での均衡を模索するような、相反する動機が存在することがみてとれる。

Museums and our Common Heritage: Moving Beyond Intellectual Property

David Bearman

Prior to the 19th century, the content of museums could only be studied by those who visited them. After photography, and especially mechanisms for photographic publishing, the holdings of museums became more widely known to the public. But it was not until the advent of the World Wide Web that the technology to massively reproduce and broadly distribute museum contents became a reality. Early experiments with digital image distribution focused on business models that would be self-sufficient, but after a decade of experimentation it became clear that managing digital rights and licensing would not either fully pay making content available online or provide access to a broad enough public to serve the goals of museums. The only feasible approach to making the holdings of museums universally known lies in online distribution under terms that allow free, non-commercial, use of content. In addition, it seems to require a nearly complete turning inside-out of the paradigm of the museum. Instead of being an institution that gathers content from around the world and brings it to a single place, the museum needs to re-invent itself as an institution with content from around the world that needs to be creatively and thoroughly digitally repatriated and contextualized in the time and space of its origins. Moving beyond Intellectual Property as an economic right, to an intellectual property framework that envisions access to our common cultural heritage as a human right, will require the collective intelligence and imagination of the next generation of humanists worldwide. In this talk, a model for moving beyond intellectual property as an economic right in the museum context is explored.

博物館と公共遺産:従来の知的財産の議論を越えて
 − デイヴィッド・ビアマン

このプレゼンテーションでは、博物館という文脈において、「経済的権利としての知的財産」という従来の概念を越えたモデルについて議論をすすめる。

19世紀以前において、博物館の所蔵品はその場に足を運んだ人々によってのみ閲覧が可能であった。写真の発明、そして殊に写真出版のメカニズムが確立されたことにより、博物館資料は徐々に社会の知るところとなったが、真に所蔵資料が大量に復元され、広く配信されるようになったのは正にインターネット技術の出現以降である。もっとも、初期に行われたデジタル画像配信の試みは、自足のビジネスモデルに力点を置いたものであった。しかしそれに習った10数年の試行錯誤の後、博物館にとってデジタル画像の著作権・ライセンスを強固に取り締まることは、必ずしもオンラインでの資料画像の閲覧を促すことにも、より多くの人々に博物館のサービスを享受してもらうことにも繋がらないということが明らかになりつつある。所蔵資料が普遍的に認知されるためにとれる、唯一現実的なアプローチは、非商業的な範囲での全く自由なコンテンツ利用を認めた上でのオンライン配信なのである。それに加えて、博物館の従来のパラダイムをほぼ完全に覆すような発想・・・単に世界中から収集したコレクションを一つの場に展示するものとしてではなく、博物館はそれらの財産を、出自の時空と文脈に沿ったかたちで独創的かつ網羅的にデジタル化し世界に提示する主体へと、自らを変革させるという発想・・・が必要とされてきている。知的財産を単に経済的権利と捉えるのではなく、文化遺産への自由なアクセスというひとつの人権を支援する枠組みとして考えること。そのためには、集合的な知性と世界の次世代を担う人道主義者たちの想像力が必要なのである。
(訳:松田咲)

Abstracts

Session I:
Presentation I:
David Bearman

Session II: Open Critique and Discussion
Current Issues: Museums and the Web
Case Presenter: Jennifer TRANT (Partner, Archives & Museum Informatics/Conference Co-Chair, Museums and the Web)

Session III: Presentations and Case Studies
Report I: South Korea
BAE Kidong (Director, University Museum, Hanyang University/President, The Korean Museum Association)
Report II: France
Vincent Puig (Deputy Director, Institute of Research and Innovation, Centre Pompidou)
Report III: Taiwan
Chiung-min TSAI (Researcher, Center of Digital Archives, National Taiwan University)
Report IV: U.S.A.
Edward IFSHIN (Pacific Vision Partners), Gordon KNOX (Global Initiatives, Stanford Humanities Lab)

Session IV
Presentation II: “Solutions to the IP Crisis”
William Fisher

Session V
Presentation III:
Stewart Cheifet

Session VI: Panel Discussion
“Visions of Museum as a Content Holder”
Case presentation by Yoshifumi SHIZUME (Curator, Tobacco and Salt Museum)

Digital technologies in Korean Museums

By Kidong Bae

Digital technology has made a great advance for the exhibition at museums. For collection management in Korea, it will be soon a big innovation of collection management by adopting REF technology for object identification. Not only for collection management, but this technology can be used for visitor control in exhibition halls. It will be much more common to use 3D visual image in near future because development of technology makes it cheaper than before. The 3D technology is often used for representation archaeological reconstructions of ancient sites and buildings to public. Recently the number of archaeological sites digitized for reconstruction in future has been increased, particularly of sites excavated by rescue programs. At present most of important ancient architects were digitally recorded and often reconstructed for public uses. Some of vanished ancient architects, such as the Hwangyong temple in Kyoungju, have been reconstructed on the basis of observed patterns at the age of the designated architects. Digital technique takes much shorter time and much more precise to make drawings of sites and other archaeological objects under being excavated, which would be very useful for exhibitions at museums and at sites after excavation. Interactive exhibitions by using digital technologies become common in newly established exhibitions. Digital technology of ‘magic book’ is being introduced and will be shown in many exhibitions because it is stimulating and making visitors to focus on exhibited objects.

Digital technologies are often used for documenting and representing intangible heritages in Korea. Recently, a new museum of traditional cultural contents, mostly intangible heritages, opened in Andong. Some VR museums of archaeological sites were constructed and can be approached through internet systems. Lately, VR could not be perfectly constructed because files should have been easily accessed by public from their homes. Situation has been improved greatly owing to high speed network systems and technique of condensing files. It is not difficult to find some websites of museums in Korea which have exhibition halls constructed by VR technique. It is also quite common to show some selected objects to be observed from different directions in websites of museums.

Rapid development of digital technology has brought remarkable change in museum exhibition and education in Korea as in other advanced countries. It should be an indispensible ability for all museum professionals to carry out relevant communication with visitors at museums in Korea.

Case Presentation

Yoshifumi SHIZUME


-Industry/Enterprise Museum as a Content Holder, and the Present

Under the policy on the enhancement of digital content, a variety of “resources” owned by the industry/enterprise museums has been in the spotlight. One of the reasons of this situation would be the extension of the target for digital content, as the term “resources” now includes not only so-called “Art works” or “historical materials,” but also commercial products, advertisement (posters, brochures, TV ads etc.,) manufacturing machines and documents of the past.

Under such circumstances, the resources that were created or published 50-100 years ago tend to be a troublemaker. To explain, many of them often do not retain their contract records, and thus it is quite difficult to trace their copyright holders. In consequence, such resources cannot be open to public in terms of recent corporate compliance.
*At present, the definition or extent of public domain is not clear enough. For that reason, so-called “administrator” has been emerging.


-Copyright and Museum
Copyright of the resources will not be transferred to museum, even if they are donated or purchased. At the same time, it means that museum cannot use these intellectual properties for its fee-charging publishing such as catalogue and other activities, even if they are a museum collection.
If we refer to the law in force, even audiovisual materials that were funded and produced by museum cannot reserve all copyrights, even though they were often and basically created for the screenings in the museum only.

---> In this situation, the museums are unable to judge whether these resources as intellectual properties can be open to public or not by their own decision. Or, precisely, “all resources on line” may not make sense, as long as the museums want or need visitors on site.
*Although “the use for academic purpose” has been widely accepted recently, its definition is still arbitrary.
* Admission fee is required in many museums. Also, museum is often constrained in case the industry (e.g. music) has its own rules.
*Currently, the (financial and managerial) condition of museums in Japan is severe. Even the definition of museum has been convulsed. (In Japan, we have the Museum Law. However, it is regarded as a mere shell, since the number of museum that received an official approval is actually small. For the museums, their subsistence has been also a big issue.)
The strategy-making that secures a benefit of the museums’ social and academic values for the release of these resources will be essential.


-Case study of “Tobacco and Salt Museum”
Tobacco and Salt Museum is the enterprise museum established in 1978. As an organization, it belongs to the Museum Department at Tobacco Research Institute (TASC), and is funded by Japan Tobacco Inc. (JT.)

○In case the advertisement of Japan Tobacco Inc. (JT) is exhibited or used:
Inform the advertising agency and the production company. Also, we obtain permission from a talent agency if a professional model was used. In this case, some agencies charged us for royalty.

○In case the advertisement of other corporation or organization is exhibited or used:
Inform the advertiser, advertising agency and the production company. Also, we obtain permission from a talent agency if a professional model was used. In the past, some advertisers rejected the exhibition or the use of their advertisement by reasons of their brand images and the industrial competitions.

For the museums, these right managements are not always just negative. For instance, we have been also paying our attention to the capacity for investigating the copyright holders. In order to protect them, some museums have been trying to maintain a good relationship with designers and so on.

*So far in Japan, we have tended to be careless with a copyright issue. When we think about its history, the protection of copyright cannot be ignored hereafter. However, in my opinion, the use of the resources for museum activities and academic purpose do not violate copyrights. In this point, we need to have a conversation with creators to adjust opinions.


-Abstracted keywords as a Future Perspective
Who is a copyright holder? What does it mean by “the use for academic purpose”? What is the common good or the public interest? What is the museum? How can we proceed a rulemaking for the use of the copyright-protected resources? How about the connection with other related regulations such as Personal Information Protection Law?

---> Constructing “a kind of trusting relationship,” the museums have solved these problems one after another, while there is no clear definition or answer. For the enterprise museums, they have carried off their social value on the common good or the public interest by “their own effort” in their history.
As a museum professional, it is important to consider the use of the copyright-protected resources in museum as a whole, as well as the use for academic purpose and the Internet.

*For the preservation of the industry/enterprise resources and their utilization in a broader sense, the enterprise museums are now planning to pursue a further discussion on the “fair use” with the cooperation of the Business Archives Association (BAA) and the industrial culture museum consortium etc. To gain a foothold, the symposium “Copyright issue for the use of the industry/enterprise resources” will be held in May or June 2009 as a collaborative project of the museum curators.

Current Issues: Museums and the Web

The Websites chosen by Jennifer Trant to be discussed in this session.

Twitter:
http://www.twitter.com

brooklyn museum: http://twitter.com/brooklynmuseum
1st fans: http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/join/1stfans/

Mattress Factory: Jeffrey Inscho
http://twitter.com/MattressFactory

museum of modern art: http://twitter.com/MuseumModernArt

curator pete http://twitter.com/newcurator
http://newcurator.com/

ex-director - David Ross: http://twitter.com/daross140

critic: tyler green http://twitter.com/TylerGreenDC
blog: http://www.artsjournal.com/man/

Reflections:
nina simon: http://museumtwo.blogspot.com/2008/12/open-letter-to-museums-on-twitter.html
tyler green: http://www.artsjournal.com/man/2009/01/qa_with_museummodernart_aka_vi_1.html

Flickr:
The Smithsonian - inauguration

http://www.flickr.com/photos/smithsonian/sets/72157612590195247/
The Commons
http://www.flickr.com/commons

Library of Congress

YouTube:
IMA - Calligraphy
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j4AdRi9YWwU&feature=channel
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SyOPtSjAV7g&feature=related

Mattress Factory i Confess
http://artyoucangetinto.blogspot.com/2008/12/some-mficonfess-videos-from-this.html


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AqeT1HYr_O4&feature=channel

Google Earth:
Prado: http://www.google.es/intl/es/landing/prado/

Powerhouse Museum:
web site
picture australia
flickr
youtube

mashups:
UK Mashed UP Museum Day [mike ellis + friends]
http://mashedmuseum.pbwiki.com/UK-Museums-on-the-Web-Mashup-day%2C-June-18th-2008

Webkinz:
http://www.webkinz.com

Bringing Museums’ Cultural and Scientific Heritages to the Communities

Chiung-min Tsai

From the world class National Palace Museum to small art galleries, museums around Taiwan are adopting new information technology to provide better service for visitors. Unlike large museums with funding and in-house experts, many small museums and galleries in Taiwan often have to explore their creativity to overcome the resource restriction. Virtual exhibits, online collections, and even collection management databases are beyond the reach of such small institutes due to small staffs, shoestring budgets, and a lack of technical skill. The management and technology-adopting experience of small museums will be provided in the case of National Taiwan University (NTU) Museums Digitalization Project.

The Museums in National Taiwan University house one of the most comprehensive records of natural and cultural history of the island. The NTU Museums Digitalization Project aims at making the university’s cultural and scientific heritage easier and more interesting to use on-line. It builds on the university’s rich research legacy, combining multilingual environment with technological advances and new business models. Information visualization technology and applications are utilized to help users perceive information better and assist researchers in managing digital collections. The project has brought the university’s museum collections on-line and has made more than100000 valuable digital objects, from anthropology to zoology, available to a wider audience.

The NTU Museums Digitalization Project has produced museum installations and websites that visualize and popularize digital archives in combination with contemporary assets created by faculty, students and residents in the university community. A few practices will be illustrated to exemplify how the diverse participations from students, visitors and residents can be integrated into this project. This presentation will demonstrate the implementation and works-in-progress of the project, as well as its impacts on academic society and its services to the public.

Web 3.0: top-down content diffusion policies and bottom-up user contributions. Amateur practices, tools and new business models

Vincent Puig

There are currently a lot of exhibitions illustrating the process of user contributions but at the same time mixing up different figures such as interactors, contributors or amateurs. Enthusiasts (White Chapel, April 2005/january 2006), Click! (Brooklyn Museum, August 2008), YOU(ser) at ZKM until August 2009, The Art of Participation (SFMOMA, November 2008/February 2009)

Amateur practices are the central issue of IRI / Centre Pompidou research while the status of the amateur historically shifted from an aristocratic position (in France during 17th and 18th century) towards a mix between production and consumption in our modern society. These practices may range from individual relation with art, individual interaction, collective interaction, social interaction and finally collective judgment, which we call at IRI, collective individuation or transindividuation.

However we will focus our presentation on new tools for the amateur in the museum context and the IP issues arising from their use. Beyond user generated content, exponential development of social networks brings back our attention towards desire and social motivation in a new Web 3.0 convergence combining bottom-up social innovation with top-down semantic web technologies. In this context, public and private cultural content diffusion policies should pay more attention to amateur practices and instruments for: critical judgment (using annotation technologies), long tail reading/writing tools, metadata production and exchange enriching content, and finally sensory-motor interfaces. Our presentation will illustrate with examples of new tools, projects and business models, how cultural industries need to dynamically balance between value of content and value of communication sometimes challenging our current IP rules.

In all the cases we will present, different business models are played balancing the value of the content with the value of the communication or social interaction. And finally we will suggest where an intriguing solution may lie in the future to bridge the IP gaps.

FUKUHARA, Yoshiharu

Yoshiharu Fukuhara is Honorary Chairman of Shiseido Co., Ltd. He is currently appointed as Director of the Tokyo Metropolitan Museum of Photography, Chairman of Association for Corporate Support of the Arts (Kigyo Mecenat Kyogikai) and Chairperson of Kanagawa International Foundation. He is the author of numerous publications. His honors include The Order of the Rising Sun, Gold and Silver Star (Japan) in 2004 and L’ordre national de la Légion d’honneur, Grand officier (France) in 2002.


福原義春(ふくはら・よしはる)

株式会社資生堂名誉会長。東京都写真美術館長、企業メセナ協議会会長、財団法人かながわ国際交流財団理事長等。著書に『ぼくの複線人生』(岩波書店)、『猫と小石とディアギレフ』(集英社)ほか多数。

KABAYAMA, Koichi

Koichi Kabayama was born in Tokyo in 1965. He graduated from the University of Tokyo. He taught at the University of Tokyo, Faculty of Letters, as Associate Professor and Professor from 1976 to 2001. Between 2001 and 2005, he was appointed as Director General of the National Museum of Western Art. Since 2005, he has been designated as Director of Printing Museum, Tokyo. His major field of research is Western Social and Cultural History.


樺山紘一(かばやま・こういち)

東京生まれ。1965年、東京大学文学部卒業。同大学院修士課程修了後、1976年~2001年、東京大学文学部助教授、同教授。2001年~2005年、国立西洋美術館長。2005年から、印刷博物館館長。専門は、西洋社会・文化史。おもな著作は、『旅の博物誌』(千倉書房)、『ルネサンスと地中海』(中央公論新社)、『地中海-人と町の肖像』(岩波書店)、『歴史のなかのからだ』(岩波書店)など。

BAE, Kidong

Kidong Bae is an archaeologist and professor of Cultural Anthropology, College of Languages and Cultures at Hanyang Univesity, Ansan-Seoul, Korea. He is also the director of HanYang University Museum and serves as the President of the Korean Museum Association and of Korean Association of University Museums.

べ・キドン

考古学者。現在、韓国(ソウル特別市および安山市)の漢陽大学言語文化学部文化人類学科教授。また、漢陽大学博物館館長、韓国博物館協会会長も務める。

IMAMURA, Yusaku

Yusaku Imamura is the Director, Tokyo Wonder Site (TWS). TWS, as new creative platform of Tokyo, World Creative City, supports and promotes emerging creators and focusing on creating new system and environment for supporting arts and culture in Tokyo. TWS organizes creators-in-residence, production of artwork, exhibition, workshop in wide field of arts and creative activity. TWS provides not only mere systematic support for creation but also grapple with contemporary issues as like climate change, cultural diversity, education as experimental on site laboratory through international network.
Beside director of TWS, Imamura works on re-organize cultural policy of Tokyo Metropolitan Government, focus on new comprehensive strategy through wide range of creative industry including urban planning and education as Counselor on special issue to the Governor, Tokyo Metropolitan Government

今村有策(いまむら・ゆうさく)

2001年よりトーキョーワンダーサイト(TWS)館長を務める。TWSは国内外の若手クリエーターの人材育成・交流と、東京の新しい芸術文化創造プラットフォームをめざし、美術、音楽、デザインなどの分野において、クリエーター・イン・レジデンス、作品制作、展示、ワークショップなどを行っている。その活動は単なる制作支援、展示活動にとどまらず、世界的なネットワークを通して文化間対話や環境問題などの今日的な課題に積極的に取り組み、現場におけるラボとして活動を展開している。
同時に東京都の文化行政について知事に助言・進言を行う東京都参与でもあり、教育、まちづくりなどを含む広範な芸術文化創造活動の新しい総合的な政策作りに取り組んでいる。

ANDO, Osamu

Osamu Ando is a founding member and the Chief Strategy Officer of BCCKS, Inc., and responsible for the construction of business development strategy, public relations, advertisements and IR. Prior to his business in BCCKS Inc., he was engaged in marketing for leading and new projects at the research institute of Recruit Co., Ltd., and conducted research on “the relationship between information and media” etc. He has also worked for Marigul Management, Inc. (a joint venture with Nintendo Company Ltd.) and Media Factory, Inc. where he undertook the agency business for the creator, marketing, content production and project management.


安藤摂(あんどう・おさむ)

株式会社BCCKS 取締役チーフストラテジーオフィサー。株式会社リクルートの総合研究機構にて、主要事業や新規事業などのマーケティングを担当。「情報とメディアの関係」などをテーマに調査研究を行う。その後、任天堂との合弁会社マリーガルマネジメントおよび株式会社メディアファクトリーにて、ゲームや映像などに関連するクリエイターエージョント業務やマーケティング、コンテンツプロデュース、プロジェクトマネジメントを行う。その後、退社。ゲーム・映像などのデジタルエンターテイメント関連コンテンツや事業のプロデュースやプロジェクトマネジメント、コンサルティングを行うジャムズワークスの取締役と兼務。株式会社BCCKSの立ち上げメンバーで、事業展開の戦略構築のほか、外部との渉外、広告部門、広報部門などを担当。

SHIZUME, Yoshifumi

Yoshifumi Shizume received his bachelor’s degree (1999) and Ph. D. from Faculty/Graduate School of Letters at Chuo University. He built his career at the Documents Division of Chiba Prefectural Archives between 2001 and 2003. He has served as curator at Tobacco and Salt Museum since 2003, and currently projects exhibitions on modern industrial resources related to Tobacco in Japan. His fields of research include Modern and Contemporary History of Japan and Archival Studies (Resources of Industrial History).


鎮目良文(しずめ・よしふみ)

1999年、中央大学文学部卒業。同大学院博士後期課程単位取得退学。2001年から2003年まで千葉県文書館資料課に勤務。2003年より、たばこと塩の博物館学芸員。専門は日本近現代史、アーカイブズ学(企業史料論)。現在は、日本のたばこを中心とする近代産業資料についての展示企画を担当している。

MURAI, Jun

Jun MURAI is the Vice President of Keio University / COO of DMC Institute. Having received his Bachelor's (1979), Master's (1981), and Ph.D. (1984) degrees from Keio University's Faculty of Engineering, Jun Murai became a Keio professor of Environmental Information in 1997, specializing in computer communication and operating systems in his research. Before being appointed vice president, Professor Murai was Executive Director of the Keio Research Institute at SFC from 1999 to 2005.

村井純(むらい・じゅん)
慶應義塾常任理事、DMC機構COO。1955年生まれ。1979年慶應義塾大学工学部卒業。1981年大学院工学研究科修士課程修了、1984年博士課程修了。東京大学大型計算機センター助手等を経て、1990年慶應義塾大学環境情報学部助教授。1997年教授。1999年から2005年までSFC研究所所長。専門領域はコンピュータコミュニケーション、オペレーティングシステム。工学博士。

BENNETSEN, Henrik

For the past year and a half Henrik Bennetsen has been the head of the Lifesquared research project. The idea is to explore building a 3D immersive archive of the art of Lynn Hershman inside the virtual world of Second Life. The work was recently shown at The Museum of Fine Arts in Montreal and is planned for exhibition the SFMOMA in 2008. In Fall 2006 he was a part of the Stanford course The Human and The Machine that used Second Life as a teaching tool. Henrik is Danish and has a MSc. in Media Technology and Games from the IT University of Copenhagen and a BSc. in Medialogy from Aalborg University.

ヘンリック・ベネットソン

ライフ・スクウェアード・リサーチ・プロジェクト長。仮想世界「セカンドライフ」上にリン・ハーシュマン作品の高臨場感3Dアーカイブを構築する研究に携わり、最近ではモントリオール美術館やサンフランシスコ近代美術館において成果発表や展示会を行う。2006年秋にはセカンドライフの教材活用で有名なスタンフォード大学ヒューマン・マシン・コースに所属。デンマーク国籍。オールボー大学にてメディア学専攻学士号、コペンハーゲン情報通信大学にてメディア・テクノロジー・ゲーム専攻修士号を取得。

FISHER, William

Professor Fisher received his undergraduate degree (in American Studies) from Amherst College and his graduate degrees (J.D. and Ph.D. in the History of American Civilization) from Harvard University. Between 1982 and 1984, he served as a law clerk to Judge Harry T. Edwards of the United States Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit and then to Justice Thurgood Marshall of the United States Supreme Court. Since 1984, he has taught at Harvard Law School, where he is currently the Hale and Dorr Professor of Intellectual Property Law and the Director of the Berkman Center for Internet and Society. His academic honors include a Danforth Postbaccalaureate Fellowship (1978-1982) and a Postdoctoral Fellowship at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences in Stanford, California (1992-1993).


ウィリアム・フィッシャー

アマースト大学(アメリカン・スタディーズ専攻)を卒業後、ハーバード大学院にてアメリカ文明史を専攻しJ.D.および Ph.D.を取得。1982年から2年間にわたり、D.C.巡回区合衆国控訴裁判所ハリー・T・エドワーズ裁判官、合衆国最高裁判所サーグッド・マーシャル判事の法律事務官を担当。1984年よりハーバード大学法科大学院で教鞭を執り、現在はヘイル・アンド・ドール知的財産法教授、およびバークマン・センターにてファカルティ・ディレクターを務める。

KNOX, Gordon

Gordon Knox identifies, develops and implements international projects that combine the understandings and techniques of the humanities and the sciences and engage them in on-the-ground efforts to effect social change. Previously Knox was at the Montalvo Arts center in Saratoga, California where he designed, developed and established the organization’s international participation in the world of arts and letters through the Lucas Artists Programs. Implementing his commitment to the open flow of ideas and underscoring his belief that the advancement of civil society requires articulate critical analysis and inclusive social action, Knox helped establish Montalvo as an institution recognized for its ambitious projects often involving unusual collaborations. During the 1990’s as the founding Director of the Civitella Ranieri Foundation in Italy, Knox envisioned and established a center for the arts designed to advance and widen the discourse of contemporary cultural practice by engaging the voices and thinking of practitioners from all parts of the world and providing them with excellent conditions to advance their work. Civitella quickly became a new model for international, multidisciplinary residency programs. Knox has advised numerous international residency programs and cultural institutions in Europe, North and South America, Asia and Africa in the areas of fund raising, management, program design and international collaboration. He has served as an advisor and on the boards of the Paris Review, Res Artis, Roulette, the Ratti Foundation, the Sanskriti Foundation, the Atlantic Center for the Arts among others. Knox’s interest in the role of the arts in society and the process of critical, artistic inquiry stems from his extensive training as a social anthropologist exploring the relationship between ideas and social action.


ゴードン・ノックス

カリフォルニア州のモンタルボ・アーツ・センターにて、ルーカス・アーティスト・プログラムを通じたアート界における組織の国際参加を提唱、成功に導いた経歴を持つ。1990年代、イタリアのチヴィテッラ・ラニエリ・ファウンデーションの創設者・理事としてアートセンターを考案、設立。また、欧米やアジア、アフリカにある数多くの国際レジデンス・プログラムや文化施設において、資金調達や運営、事業設計、多国間コラボレーションといった領域の相談役としても活躍。

PUIG, Vincent

In 1993, Vincent Puig started a new activity at IRCAM-Centre Pompidou as Director of External relations. At this time he designed a new service for Ircam Software distribution in the form of a User Group which gathered more than 5000 users worldwide since its creation. In 1995 he launched an Internet project for professional studios named Studio On Line which offered on the Web a large database of more than 120.000 samples of instruments together with unique online retrieval and processing functions. From 1998 to 2000 he has been coordinator of a European working group on content processing of music in relation with MPEG7 (CUIDAD - Esprit program) and in the context of the HARMONICA project, leader of a group studying Music Information user needs and interfaces, in collaboration with the French National Library. Within CUIDAD he managed a team working on instrument timbre descriptors and co-chaired the MPEG7 audio AdHoc Group. In September 2000 he chaired the audio sessions during the first MPEG7 International Awareness Meeting. In 1999, he designed and presented successfully with Sony CSL, CreamWare and other partners a new project on content-based audio and music retrieval called CUIDADO (IST) with innovative outputs such as Audio Fingerprinting, Music Summary, Music Browser and Sound Palette. Following CUIDADO he presented successfully in 2003, Semantic HIFI, a European project for the HIFI of the future in collaboration with Sony, and DVD on demand a French project with MPO. Under the impulsion of Bernard Stiegler, director of Ircam since Jan 2002, he launched Resonances (International Convention on Technologies for Music) and Ircam Hypermedia Studio dedicated to new forms of authoring and publication tools for “Assisted listening” and Web radio programs. He has been Vice-president for Europe of the International Computer Music Association until Jan 2004. Since 2003, he managed the Musique Lab project aimed at developing education tools with French Ministries of Education and Culture. In April 2006, he became Deputy Director of Centre Pompidou Cultural Development Dpt. in charge of the newly founded Institute for Research and Innovation (IRI).


ヴァンサン・ピュイグ

1993年、対外関係局長としてポンピドゥー・センターの音響音楽研究所IRCAM(イルカム)に所属。以来、作業部会責任者や研究グループ代表を歴任。プロジェクト設立にも多数関わり、2002年以降、国際会議「レゾナンス」やイルカム・ハイパーメディア・スタジオを立ち上げ。2004年まで国際コンピュータ音楽協会欧州副会長。2003年より、フランスの教育省や文化省と共に教材開発を目的としたムジーク・ラボ・プロジェクトを運営。2006年、ポンピドゥー・センター新設のIRI研究所副所長。

TRANT, Jennifer

Jennifer Trant is a Partner in Archives & Museum Informatics and consults on digital cultural strategy and collaboration.

She is co-chair of Museums and the Web and ichim, and has served on the program committees of the Joint Digital Libraries (JDL) and the Digital Libraries (DL) conferences, the Culture Program Committee of the International World Wide Web Conference, and the Board of the Media and Technology Committee of the American Association of Museums.

Trant was the Executive Director of the Art Museum Image Consortium (AMICO) from 1997-2005. She was Editor-in-Chief of Archives and Museum Informatics: the cultural heritage informatics quarterly from Kluwer Academic Publishers from 1997-2000. Prior to joining Archives & Museum Informatics in 1997, Jennifer Trant was responsible for Collections and Standards Development at the Arts and Humanities Data Service, King's College, London, England. As Director of Arts Information Management, she consulted regarding the application of technology to the mission of art galleries and museums. Clients included the now closed Getty Information Institute (then the Getty Art History Information Program) for whom she managed the Imaging Initiative and directed the activities of the Museum Educational Site Licensing Project (MESL). She also managed disciplinary review and prepared the report of the Art Information Task Force (AITF), entitled Categories for the Description of Works of Art [link to a later edition] for the College Art Association and AHIP.

A specialist in arts information management, Trant has worked with automated documentation systems in major Canadian museums, including the National Gallery of Canada and the Canadian Centre for Architecture, where she developed and implemented common cataloguing standards for the Prints and Drawings, Photographs, and Archives Collections. She has been actively involved in the definition of museum data standards, participating in numerous committees and regularly publishing articles and presenting papers about issues of access and intellectual integration. Her current interests center around the use information technology and communications networks to improve access to cultural heritage information, and to integrate the culture fully into digital libraries for research, learning and enjoyment.


ジェニファー・トラント

アーカイブズ&ミュージアム・インフォーマティクスのパートナーであり、ミュージアムズ・アンド・ザ・ウェブ会議およびICHIMの主催者。ジョイント・デジタル・ライブラリー(JDL)やデジタル・ライブラリー(DL)会議、WWW国際会議、米国博物館協会のコミティー・メンバーとしても活躍。専門領域は、文化遺産情報へのアクセス向上および、研究・学習や娯楽へ向けたデジタル・ライブラリーへの文化完全集約における、ITと通信網の活用。

BEARMAN, David

David Bearman, Founding Partner of Archives & Museum Informatics in
Toronto, consults for cultural institutions on information strategy.
Since leaving the Smithsonian Institution (where he was Deputy Director
of the Office of Information Resources Management) in 1986, Bearman
has directed his own consulting firm which specializes in developing new
business models and economic frameworks for archive and museum
consortia, that take advantage of information technologies to rethink
their approaches to management and delivery of cultural resources.
Bearman has been responsible for guiding the development of a national
information system for archives in the U.S., national policies towards
electronic records management in several countries, national and
international museum collaborations and network initiatives, and the
definition of a variety of archival, museum, library and publishing
non-profits that exploit and develop information standards.



デイヴィッド・ビアマン

カナダのトロントを拠点とするアーカイブズ&ミュージアム・インフォーマティクスの共同創設者であり、現経営者。文化施設における情報戦略を専門とし、文化財のマネジメントを再考すべく、ITを活用した新しいビジネスモデルと経済枠組みをアーカイブや博物館へ提案。アメリカ国内におけるアーカイブ向け情報システム開発のブレインであり、国内外においても電子記録管理政策、ミュージアムの連携やネットワークのイニシアティブ構築などで活躍。元スミソニアン協会インフォメーション・リソース・マネージメント局長。

IFSHIN, Edward

Edward Ifshin of Pacific Vision Partners (www.pacificvisionpartners.com)
and on the advisory board of M&A Media Group (www.mamediagroup.com) has had extensive experience in international business development and strategic investment ventures with established and emerging companies and technologies in the US, Japan and SE Asia.

Most recently he has been involved with leading companies in data visualization software technology; broadband digital entertainment and education/training projects; mobile interactive services and technologies and mobile wireless security technologies.

He has advised on interactive media & information technology projects in the private and public sectors in the US and Japan for such clients as: NTT Advanced Technologies, NTT Data, Atom Films, Nokia Ventures, Hitachi, NTT DoCoMo, ITOCHU Corporation, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI,) California Arts Council, Nikkei Multimedia, Ant Factory, Capital Media Partners, Asian Cultural Council, Dentsu Interactive, Hakuhodo Digital Business Solutions, Aplix Corporation,
Cross Media International, Sun Microsystems, Global Business Network, KDDI, Electronic Arts, NEC, Softbank BB, and SONY Computer Entertainment.

He was an advisor for an international project supported by the Ford & Rockefeller Foundations focusing on creativity, emerging technologies and new business models. He also was on the planning committee and participant in ZERO1:The Art and Technology Network’s Global Leadership Forum on Economic and Cultural Development ( http://01sj.org) focusing on digital media as an engine of regional development and urban revitalization. He is currently involved with the San Jose Climate Clock
Initiative, an art and mobile networking technology project to combat climate change.
He has written articles on interactive digital media for several Japanese publications; participated as a speaker and panelist at information technology and high-technology and media venture business seminars in the US and Japan and worked with US and Japanese companies in developing and implementing market entry and strategic investment initiatives in both markets.

He has a graduate degree from the University of Chicago in Political Science and as a former. U.S.diplomat has had assignments in Japan, SE Asia and Western Europe. He is proficient in Japanese, Malay, Thai and Dutch.


エドワード・イフシン

パシフィックビジョンパートナーズにてコンサルタント、およびM&Aメディア・グループにて顧問を務める。アメリカ、日本、東南アジア地域において、企業と技術の国際ビジネス開発、および戦略的投資に豊富な経験を持つ。インタラクティブメディアやIT事業に関する日本の主な顧客に、株式会社NTTドコモ、株式会社日立製作所、伊藤忠商事株式会社、KDDI株式会社、日本電気株式会社(NEC)、ソフトバンクBB株式会社、株式会社ソニー・コンピュータエンタテインメント、経済産業省等。

CHEIFET, Stewart

Stewart Cheifet is President of the Media Division of Image Fortress.
The company focuses on digitizing and indexing analog content and then
providing access to that content by way of free public web sites and
private licensing arrangements.

Prior to assuming his responsibilities at Image Fortress, Stewart was
Director of Audio and Video Collections at the Internet Archive where he
built a large online digital collection covering a broad range of
content from historical documents to popular culture.

His previous experience is as an executive and working journalist in the
broadcast media. He has been called “the original TV techie” and “the
dean of television computer journalists”. He pioneered the field over
twenty years ago when he created and launched the award winning public
television series “Computer Chronicles”. He also anchored another
public television series devoted to the people, culture and business of
the Internet, called “Net Café”.

Stewart has been a guest commentator on technology for National Public
Radio’s “All Things Considered” and he hosted a weekly web-radio talk
show called “Talking about this Week”. He also wrote and anchored a
syndicated radio series about the Internet, “CyberTraffic Report”.

He has been a commentator at many major technology events including
Comdex TV News, the Computer Museum’s Computer Bowl, Discover Magazine’s
Technology Awards, Upside’s Showcase, Upside’s Digital Living Room,
Windows Magazine’s Win-100 Awards, and the Codie Awards for the Software
Information Industry Association.

He frequently appears as a moderator and speaker at corporate events in
the technology field, having worked with such companies as Acer,
AutoDesk, Bay Networks, Boeing, Cable & Wireless, Commerce One, Hewlett
Packard, IBM, KPMG, NetSuite, Oracle, PeopleSoft, Sybase, and others.

Stewart was formerly a correspondent for PBS covering high-tech stories
in the Silicon Valley and Pacific Rim. He has worked in various
capacities for ABC News and CBS News. He also served as President of
PCTV, a company focused on media and technology.

He has won numerous awards for his broadcast journalism work, including
twelve awards from the Computer Press Association. He was named by
AdWeek magazine as one of the five most influential broadcast
journalists in the field of technology.

He is a graduate of the University of Southern California with a degree
in mathematics and psychology. He also holds a doctorate in law from
Harvard University and he was a Benton Fellow in technology journalism
at the University of Chicago.



スチュワート・シーフェイ

現在、イメージ・フォートレスのメディア部門代表。前職ではインターネット・アーカイブの音響・映像コレクション所長を務め、歴史資料から大衆文化に至るまで様々なコンテンツを網羅する大規模なオンライン・デジタル・コレクションを構築した。また、20年間にわたって放送されたテレビシリーズ『コンピューター・クロニクルズ』の企画制作を担当、インターネットに関わる人々や文化、ビジネスを対象にした『ネット・カフェ』ではキャスターを務めるなど、ジャーナリストとしても幅広く活躍。報道分野での功績における受賞歴も多数。

TSAI, Chiung-min

Dr. Chiung-min Tsai is a researcher at Research Center for Digital
Humanities, National Taiwan University (NTU). He joined the research
team in 2004 after receiving his degree from Boston University. His
research interest mainly focuses on digital library, digital museum,
standards, and knowledge organization. He is currently responsible for
managing the NTU Digital Archives Projects and assisting the integration
and promotion of NTU Museums. Dr. Tsai is also the coordinator of the
Multilingual Development Project, Taiwan e-Learning and Digital Archives
Program (TELDAP).


ツァイ・チュンミン

台湾大学のデジタル・ヒューマニティーズ・リサーチ・センター研究員。ボストン大学にて学位を取得後、2004年から研究チームに参加。主要研究テーマはデジタル・ライブラリー、デジタル・ミュージアム、標準(スタンダード)、知識組織(ナレッジ・オーガニゼーション)。現在、台湾大学のデジタル・アーカイヴス・プロジェクト運営を司り、台湾大学博物館群の統合とプロモーションにおいて一翼を担う。また、多言語開発プロジェクト「台湾・eラーニング・アンド・デジタル・アーカイブス・プログラム(TELDAP)」の責任者としても活躍。

Information on Speakers

Osamu ANDO
BAE Kidong
David BEARMAN
Henrik BENNETSEN
Stewart CHEIFET
William FISHER
Yoshito FUJIKAWA
Yoshiharu FUKUHARA
Edward IFSHIN
Tetsuhiko IKEGAMI
Yusaku IMAMURA
Makoto ITOH
Junko IWABUCHI
KIM Junghoon
Koichi KABAYAMA
Gordon KNOX
Fujio MAEDA
Jun MURAI
Vincent PUIG
Yoshifumi SHIZUME
Jennifer TRANT
Chiung-min TSAI
Tatsuhiro UENO

FUJIKAWA, Yoshito

Yoshito Fujikawa is a partner lawyer and patent attorney of Yodoyabashi &
Yamagami LPC. He serves as a visiting professor at Kyoto Institute of
Technology, a specialized advisor for Intellectual Property Division of Nara
Institute of Science and Technology, an adjunct professor at Kyoto
University Law School, and a visiting associate professor at Innovative
Collaboration Center of Kyoto University. He also is an auditor of iPS
Academia Japan, Inc. He is a vice-chairman of an intellectual property
committee of Osaka Bar Association, to which he registers.


藤川義人 (ふじかわ・よしと)

弁護士法人淀屋橋・山上合同のパートナー弁護士・弁理士。大阪弁護士会において知
的財産委員会副委員長を務めるほか,京都工芸繊維大学客員教授、奈良先端科学技術
大学院大学知的財産本部知的財産専門アドバイザー、京都大学法科大学院非常勤講
師、京都大学産官学連携センター客員准教授等の公職を務める。iPSアカデミアジャ
パン株式会社監査役。

IWABUCHI, Junko

Junko Iwabuchi is an author and columnist in the fields of arts, culture and life style. After graduating from California College of Arts and Crafts (now called California College of the Arts) with a Master's degree in Fine Arts, Junko Iwabuchi held the position as Helena Rubinstein Fellow at the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York. Upon completion of the fellowship, she went on to Florence and London to continue her study in art history. She held a position as Associate Professor at Shizuoka University of Arts and Culture since 2000 until 2004 when she joined the DMC Institute at Keio University in December.


岩渕潤子(いわぶち・じゅんこ)

神奈川県生まれ。カリフォルニア美術工芸大学卒業。同大学院修了。ニューヨーク、ホイットニー美術館に在籍後、フィレンツェ、ロンドンで研究活動を続ける。同時期執筆・出版を開始し、著作多数。2000年静岡文化芸術大学助教授、2004年慶應義塾大学DMC機構教授。専門領域は美術館運営・管理研究、ミュージアム・インフォメーション・デザイン。

KIM, Junghoon

Junghoon Kim became a Keio professor of DMC Institute in 2004, specializing in creative economy, media convergence, digital contents, intellectual property rights in his research. Before joining Keio, Professor Kim was an associate instructor at Telecommunication department of Indiana University (Bloomington, United States), visiting scholar at the Institute of Intellectual Property (Tokyo, Japan), Standardization Research Center, University der Bundeswehr (Hamburg, Germany) and Oxford Intellectual Property Research Centre, St. Peters College, University of Oxford (Oxford, United Kingdom).

金正勲(きむ・じょんふん)

慶応義塾大学デジタルメディア・コンテンツ統合研究機構准教授。韓国生まれ。1999年から2002年まで米国インディアナ大学テレコミュニケーション学部アソーシエイトインストラクター、『情報社会論』、『情報通信産業経営論』等を担当。知的財産研究所外国人招聘研究員、ドイツ連邦防衛大学標準化研究部門客員研究員、欧州共同体(EU)標準化教育プロジェクト・エキスパートパートナー、英国オックスフォード大学知的財産研究センター客員研究員。主な研究分野は、メディア融合論、デジタルコンテンツ産業論、技術標準化と知的財産権等。文化庁文化審議会著作権分科会専門委員。2004年から現職。

MAEDA, Fujio

Fujio Maeda was born in Yokohama in 1944. After receiving his bachelor’s degree from Department of Administration Engineering at Keio University, he pursued undergraduate and postgraduate study in Aesthetics and Science of Arts at Faculty/Graduate School of Letters, Keio University, and completed his Ph.D. in 1974. Prof. Maeda’ s studies range widely, and his central scholarly interests include Paul Klee’s theories and artwork as well as Goethe’s morphology and color theory. He has also been contributing to the educational program of the course of Art History and Aesthetics at the Faculty of Letters of Keio University since 1985.


前田富士男(まえだ・ふじお)

1944年神奈川県横浜市生まれ。1966年3月慶應義塾大学工学部管理工学科卒業後、文学部哲学科美学美術史学専攻に学士入学、同卒業。修士課程に入学し、1974年3月同博士課程単位取得退学。神奈川県立鎌倉近代美術館学芸課に勤務。1975年退職し、西ドイツ政府学術交流会(DAAD)給費留学生としてボン大学美術史研究所に留学。1977年10月に帰国。1978年より北里大学教養部に勤務。1985年慶應義塾大学文学部哲学科美学美術史学専攻助教授に就任。1991年同教授。

ITO, Makoto

Makoto Ito is a lawyer and patent attorney of IOTA law and patent offices. He has taught at Graduate School of Letters of Keio University (Aesthetics and Science of Arts Program) and International Graduate School of Social Sciences of Yokohama National University (Las School) as a lecturer. He has also served as a member of the Central Board on Intellectual Property Rights at Japan Federation of Bar Associations, Director of The Copyright Law Association of Japan, Director of Entertainment Lawyers Network, and the advisory board of Japan Artists Association, Inc.


伊藤真(いとう・まこと)

法律特許事務所イオタ所属の弁護士・弁理士。慶應義塾大学文学部美学美術史学専攻非常勤講師、横浜国立大学大学院国際社会科学研究科(ロースクール)非常勤講師として教鞭を執る。日本弁護士連合会知的財産政策推進本部委員、著作権法学会理事、エンターテインメントロイヤーズネットワーク理事を務め、日本美術家連盟顧問としても活躍。

IKEGAMI, Tetsuhiko

President of The University of Aizu / Chair of DMC Institute Evaluation Committee at Keio University. Tetsuhiko Ikegami was born in Tokyo in 1940. In 1968, he completed his Ph.D. in Engineering at Tokyo Institute of Technology. In 1971 he joined the NTT Musashino Research Laboratory, and became a board member of NTT and an executive manager of NTT Basic Labs in 1994. In 1996 he became the president and CEO of NTT Advanced Technology Co. Then, in 1998, he assumed the position of vice president at The University of Aizu and in 2001 became the president of The University of Aizu, and a vice president of National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology. He has also served as Commissioner of Space Activities Commission, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science & Technology since 2007. His special fields include Opto-electronics (Laser Diode etc.), Lightwave Communication & Network, and Software Education.


池上徹彦(いけがみ・てつひこ)

会津大学学長、慶應義塾大学DMC機構評価委員長。1968年東京工業大学理工学研究科博士課程修了。1994年NTT取締役・基礎研究所所長。1996年NTTアドバンステクノロジ株式会社代表取締役社長。1998年会津大学副学長。2001年会津大学学長。産業技術総合研究所理事。2007年文部科学省宇宙開発委員会委員。工学博士。専門領域は光エレクトロニクス、光通信および綱技術、およびコンピュータ理工学教育。

UENO, Tatsuhiro

Tatsuhiro Ueno is currently Associate Professor and Head of Department of International Business Law at Rikkyo University. He had studied at Graduate School of Law, Kyoto University, and was lecturer at Seijo University between 2001 and 2004. He is a member of Council for Cultural Affairs, Subdivision on Copyright and Intellectual Property Strategy Headquarters. He has also served as a member of the specialized committee on the intellectual property policy for digital network generation at Strategic Council on Intellectual Property.


上野達弘(うえの・たつひろ)

立教大学法学部准教授、国際ビジネス法学科長。1999年京都大学大学院法学研究科博士後期課程単位取得退学、2001年成城大学法学部専任講師を経て、現職。文化審議会著作権分科会・専門委員、知的財産戦略本部デジタル・ネット時代における知財制度専門調査会・委員など歴任。

Visions of Museum as a Content Holder

Case Presentation

Tobacco and Salt Museum
Curator
Yoshifumi SHIZUME


-Industry/Enterprise Museum as a Content Holder, and the Present

Under the policy on the enhancement of digital content, a variety of “resources” owned by the industry/enterprise museums has been in the spotlight. One of the reasons of this situation would be the extension of the target for digital content, as the term “resources” now includes not only so-called “Art works” or “historical materials,” but also commercial products, advertisement (posters, brochures, TV ads etc.,) manufacturing machines and documents of the past.
Under such circumstances, the resources that were created or published 50-100 years ago tend to be a troublemaker. To explain, many of them often do not retain their contract records, and thus it is quite difficult to trace their copyright holders. In consequence, such resources cannot be open to public in terms of recent corporate compliance.

*At present, the definition or extent of public domain is not clear enough. For that reason, so-called “administrator” has been emerging.


-Copyright and Museum

Copyright of the resources will not be transferred to museum, even if they are donated or purchased. At the same time, it means that museum cannot use these intellectual properties for its fee-charging publishing such as catalogue and other activities, even if they are a museum collection.
If we refer to the law in force, even audiovisual materials that were funded and produced by museum cannot reserve all copyrights, even though they were often and basically created for the screenings in the museum only.

--> In this situation, the museums are unable to judge whether these resources as intellectual properties can be open to public or not by their own decision. Or, precisely, “all resources on line” may not make sense, as long as the museums want or need visitors on site.

*Although “the use for academic purpose” has been widely accepted recently, its definition is still arbitrary.
*Admission fee is required in many museums. Also, museum is often constrained in case the industry (e.g. music) has its own rules.
*Currently, the (financial and managerial) condition of museums in Japan is severe. Even the definition of museum has been convulsed. (In Japan, we have the Museum Law. However, it is regarded as a mere shell, since the number of museum that received an official approval is actually small. For the museums, their subsistence has been also a big issue.)
The strategy-making that secures a benefit of the museums’ social and academic values for the release of these resources will be essential.


-Case study of “Tobacco and Salt Museum”

Tobacco and Salt Museum is the enterprise museum established in 1978. As an organization, it belongs to the Museum Department at Tobacco Research Institute (TASC), and is funded by Japan Tobacco Inc. (JT.)

--In case the advertisement of Japan Tobacco Inc. (JT) is exhibited or used:
Inform the advertising agency and the production company. Also, we obtain permission from a talent agency if a professional model was used. In this case, some agencies charged us for royalty.

--In case the advertisement of other corporation or organization is exhibited or used:
Inform the advertiser, advertising agency and the production company. Also, we obtain permission from a talent agency if a professional model was used. In the past, some advertisers rejected the exhibition or the use of their advertisement by reasons of their brand images and the industrial competitions.

For the museums, these right managements are not always just negative. For instance, we have been also paying our attention to the capacity for investigating the copyright holders. In order to protect them, some museums have been trying to maintain a good relationship with designers and so on.

*So far in Japan, we have tended to be careless with a copyright issue. When we think about its history, the protection of copyright cannot be ignored hereafter. However, in my opinion, the use of the resources for museum activities and academic purpose do not violate copyrights. In this point, we need to have a conversation with creators to adjust opinions.


-Abstracted keywords as a Future Perspective

Who is a copyright holder? What does it mean by “the use for academic purpose”? What is the common good or the public interest? What is the museum? How can we proceed a rulemaking for the use of the copyright-protected resources? How about the connection with other related regulations such as Personal Information Protection Law?

--> Constructing “a kind of trusting relationship,” the museums have solved these problems one after another, while there is no clear definition or answer. For the enterprise museums, they have carried off their social value on the common good or the public interest by “their own effort” in their history.
As a museum professional, it is important to consider the use of the copyright-protected resources in museum as a whole, as well as the use for academic purpose and the Internet.

*For the preservation of the industry/enterprise resources and their utilization in a broader sense, the enterprise museums are now planning to pursue a further discussion on the “fair use” with the cooperation of the Business Archives Association (BAA) and the industrial culture museum consortium etc. To gain a foothold, the symposium “Copyright issue for the use of the industry/enterprise resources” will be held in May or June 2009 as a collaborative project of the museum curators.